Epidemiology || various diseses

 

Epidemiology

Communicable disease

Infectious disease is when a disease exceeds the normal expectation in a particular area over a period of time.

Infectious tripod - The three main causes of infectious diseases are called 'communicable tripod'. 

Agent - The cause of the disease (bacteria, toxins). 

Host - The host who gets the disease.

Environment - The means by which the disease is transmitted.  (Air, water, insects etc.) 

Direct transmission –

v  Direct touch - Sexually transmitted disease, Sludge, Leprosy

v  Here / frost infection - Tuberculosis, Measles, Patmarp, Mumps

v  Contact with contagious soil -  Tetanus, curb worms

v  Skin or mucous membranes - Rabies virus, Jaundice 'B' virus

v  Transmission through wind (net) - Infection of a baby from a pregnant woman by  Water, Milk, Food, Blood, Hypoglycemia, Contaminated Water.

 

Indirect transmission

 

Ø  by vehicle - contaminated water, milk, food, blood, blood components, contaminated water

Ø  by food - diarrhea, cholera, gastro, typhoid, jaundice.  Contaminated blood, by blood components - Jaundice 'B')

Ø  Insects from mosquitoes (malaria, dengue, chikungunya) Rat flea (plague)

Ø  Tuberculosis through air, pneumonia, whooping cough 

Ø  Contaminated hands and fingers Diarrhea, jaundice etc. 

Ø  Incubation period - The period from the entry of pathogens (bacteria, viruses) into the body to the appearance of actual symptoms is called 'incubation period'.

Ø  Rare spores (sporendic) - When there is a rare occurrence of a disease in another area, it is called 'rare spores'. 

Ø  Endemic is a disease that occurs continuously in a particular region.  (E.g. diarrhea, malaria.)

Ø  Ubiquitous (pandemic) - When an outbreak spreads from one country to another, it is called omnipresent (trade) conflict.  (E.g. AIDS, Cholera, Plague, Bipleu, SARS)  Viral fungi, protozoa)

Ø  Diseases that spread from one person to another are called 'contagious' diseases,

Ø  Non-communicable diseases - Diseases that cannot be transmitted from one person to another are called 'non-communicable diseases'. 

Ø  Control - Measures to reduce the incidence, duration, complications of the disease and to prevent the disease from becoming a major health problem (e.g. malaria control program) –

Ø   Eradication - To eradicate the disease by eradicating it from the society.  (E.g. Devi, Naru, Polio Eradication)

Ø   Efforts are being made to control the spread of the disease in a step between eradication, control and eradication.  (E.g. Leprosy eradication to reduce the rate by 1 (one) rune in 10,000 population.)