Dietary
Balanced
Diet A balanced diet is a diet consisting of a variety of foods that are
rich in fats, carbohydrates, proteins, salts and vitamins to maintain the
body's function and health.
Nutrients in food –
1)
Gross nutrients - the highest requirements for the body,
e.g. Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fats
2)
2) Micronutrients - Very low amounts, e.g. Vitamins, bars.
Functions of food
(1) To supply energy to the body. E.g. -
Carbohydrates, fats
(2) Physical growth, fitness and
replenishment of the body. E.g. Protein
(3) To protect against infections and
diseases. E.g.
Classification of vitamins, salts, proteins,
foods
(1) Animals (derived from animals - eggs,
meat, milk)
(2) Plants (grains, fruits, vegetables
derived from plants)
From chemical composition
1) Proteins
2) Fats
3) Carbohydrates
4) Salts
Vitamins from major functions
1) Foods that supply energy
2) Foods required for physical growth and
repair
3) Preservatives.
From nutritional values
1) Single grains
2) Binary grains
3)
Green leafy vegetables
4) Fruits
5) Oil / fat
6)
Sugar jaggery
7) Spices and red chillies
8)
Oilseeds Proteins
v Proteins are made up
of amino acids.
v The body needs 24
amino acids.
v 9 of these amino
acids cannot be produced in the body.
They have to be supplied through diet.
Hence such amino acids are called 'essential amino acids'. (Lysine, leucine, isoleucine, valine,
histigene, brionine, testosterone, methionine, phenyl alanine) Amino acids are made up of carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and sometimes phosphorus and iron.
Functions of proteins
(1) To grow and develop the body.
(2) For tissue repair
(3) In the production of antibodies,
enzymes, hormones
(4) In blood production
(5) Sometimes protein is also obtained from
proteins.
Protein tools
(1) Animal resources - Milk, eggs, meat,
fish,
(2) Vegetable tools - 1) Pulses - Tur, Mag,
Gram, Urad, Lentil, Soybean 2) Grains - Sorghum, Millet, Nachni, Wheat. (3) Oilseeds - Peanuts, Sesame, Almond,
Safflower - Pulses contain 20-25% protein.
Protein content in soybeans - 43.2%
(maximum) - 3.2-4.3% in milk. Eggs 13%
15-23% 18-26%. Animal proteins are
'higher quality' than vegetable proteins.
This is because they contain all the essential amino acids.
Daily requirement of protein
(1) 1 gram per kilogram of body weight per
adult.
(2) Pregnant women - 1 gram plus 14 grams
per kilogram of body weight (excess).
(3) Breastfeeding mothers - 25 gms
(extra).
(4) Children (0 to 3 months) need 2.3 grams
of milk daily, Called. Malnutrition Malnutrition
occurs at any age but mainly in the age group of 6 months to 3 years.
Types of malnutrition (deficiency)
(1)
Due to lack of protein and calories (dry, swollen).
(2)
Caused by Vitamin A Deficiency (Night Blindness, Blindness).
(3)
Iron deficiency (anemia)
(4)
Iodine deficiency goiter, stunted physical and mental growth
(5)
Various diseases caused by deficiency of various vitamins
Causes of malnutrition
(1) Misconceptions and superstitions about diet
(2) Improper cooking methods
(3) Frequent illnesses
(4) Lack of personal and premises hygiene
(5) Not taking advantage of available medical services, Protein Caloric
malnutrition occurs mainly in the age group of 6 months to 3 years. In India it is 1 to 2%.
Diseases Caused by Protein Calorie Malnutrition –
(1) Symptoms of Jhurni (Sujavati - Kashraquir) Disease: 1) Muscle
loss. 2) Swelling on the soles of the
feet, hands and face. 3) Irritable,
weak, sad. 4) Appetite is very low.
(2) Dry disease (Sukti-Marasmus) Symptoms: 1) Loss of fat (hands and feet
become sticky.) 2) No swelling. 3) It
weighs very little. 4) Calm, alert,
curious. 5) Appetite is good.
Methods of detecting
protein malnutrition
(1) Physical measurements: (a)
Gaining weight, (c) Measuring girth in penalty.
(2) Signs and symptoms - as above,
(3) Survey measures Supplementary diet (Anganwadi) Medicine in the
hospital
(4) Laboratory tests - (a) Weight is (1) 80-100% of the expected weight Normal growth (2) If 70-80% - Mild
malnutrition - Dietary education to mother
Proper Growth / Diet Yellow (13.5 to 12.5 cm) Mild to Moderate
Malnutrition Red (12.5 to 7.0 cm), Acute
Malnutrition Hyderabad Mix (Supplementary Diet) This nutritious food prepared
by the National Institute of Nutrition in Hyderabad can be used for
malnutrition. Standard wheat (roasted)
40 gms gram dal (roasted) 16 gms groundnuts (roasted) 10 gms jaggery 20 gms 86
m 330 calories and 11 gms of protein are obtained from it. Eating this food every day in addition to the
usual diet fills up the deficiency of prasin submanka. - Severely malnourished children die for the
following reasons. (1) low temperature,
(2) low blood sugar, (3) diarrhea and dehydration. (4) Infection. Times 36
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